“We shall not ignore democratic values. There shouldn't be a monarchical system.” To foreigners unfamiliar with Indonesia, this statement last December by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono seems innocuous enough. In Indonesia, however, it has touched off a storm of criticism. The President was referring to Yogyakarta, where the position of provincial governor is held by hereditary ruler Sultan Hamengkubuwono X.
Thousands of demonstrators have rallied outside Yogyakarta's provincial council building in recent months, demanding the continuation of Sultan Hamengkubuwono's direct appointment as governor. The Yogyakarta legislature has also declared its full support for the automatic appointment of the sultan.
The unusual status of the Yogyakarta sultanate dates back to the independence struggle against the Dutch. In 1950, in recognition of his support for the nationalist movement, the current sultan's predecessor, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, was declared governor for life of the newly created special administrative region of Yogyakarta.
Whether this arrangement was meant to be hereditary is the subject of some dispute. What is clear, however, is that while traditional sultanates in other parts of Indonesia were swept away by the nationalist tide, in Yogyakarta they were reinforced.
Successive governments in Jakarta have been reluctant to challenge the status quo, which remains popular among Yogyakartans, many of whom take great pride in the role their province played during the war of independence. The status of the Yogyakarta sultanate was further enhanced in 1998, when Sultan Hamengkubuwono X took a leading role in the movement to oust President Suharto.
Yudhoyono's statement late last year that he intended to change the arrangement therefore took many observers by surprise. Unlike many other parts of Indonesia, the province is generally acknowledged to be well run. There have been few reports of corruption, and even fewer attacks on churches or other religious minorities. In other words, there are far more urgent issues requiring the President's attention than the altruistic promotion of democratic ideals in Yogyakarta.
The announcement was also badly timed, coming not long after the sultan won kudos for his handling of humanitarian efforts in the wake of the devastating eruption of Mount Merapi in October.
Nico Harjanto, a political observer at Jakarta's Center for Strategic and International Studies, suggests that Yudhoyono may be trying to undermine the sultan because he regards him as a possible contender in the 2014 presidential elections. The sultan has tried to run before, only to be thwarted by the reluctance of the nation's major political parties to support him.
But this could change now that the sultan has joined media tycoon Surya Paloh's National Democrat movement. Many believe that this organization, which says it stands for good government, will eventually evolve into a political party. Harjanto points out that if the sultan was backed by the National Democrats, he could become a serious presidential contender in 2014. Unlike other potential candidates such as controversial former general Prabowo Subianto (accused of human rights abuses), Abu Rizal Bakrie (linked to the Lapindo mudflow) and Yudhoyono's wife (nepotism allegations), the sultan does not have any crucial weakness for opponents to focus on.
If this really is the president's plan, it begs the question who he is doing it for. Unable to run himself in 2014, Yudhoyono could be preparing the way for his wife. Alternatively, he could be trying to help Bakrie, the President's financial backer and one of Indonesia's richest men.
Meanwhile, the resignation of Gusti Bendoro Pangeran Haryo Prabukusumo, the younger brother of the sultan, from the Democratic Party has weakened the influence of the president's party in the province.
“I don't want to become an insurgent [against the sultan],” Prabukusumo was quoted as saying after resigning as chairman of the Democratic Party's provincial executive board in December.
The greatest beneficiary so far has been the opposition nationalist Indonesian Democratic Party- Struggle (PDI-P), which has been leading the demonstrations in Yogyakarta in support of the status quo.
Little wonder then that as early as the middle of last December, Yudhoyono had begun to backtrack, telling the media that he had been misunderstood. Yogyakarta's monarchy was not a problem, the President insisted, adding that the sultan's position was guaranteed by the Constitution.
Since then, Yudhoyono's Democratic Party has modified the proposed legislation slightly to accommodate the critics. A bill currently being considered by the national legislature provides for an elected governor and limits the powers of the sultan to cultural affairs and land matters.
Overall, however, it looks like the President has stumbled. Whether Parliament accepts the proposed legislation or not, in 2014, Yogyakarta voters are unlikely to forget the unwelcome interference in provincial affairs.
Reprinted courtesy of Straits Times Indonesia. To subscribe to Straits Times Indonesia and/or the Jakarta Globe call 2553 5055.
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